Toll-like & Pattern Recognition Receptors

TLRs and PRRs are involved in infectious diseases such as sepsis, as well as chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas their dysregulation also contributes to neurodegeneration and cancer.

Toll-like and Pattern Recognition Receptors act as the innate immune system’s first-line sensors, detecting microbial patterns (PAMPs) and host danger signals (DAMPs) to trigger inflammation. When this response becomes excessive or misdirected, they drive disease — fuelling infectious conditions such as sepsis, sustaining chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, amplifying neurodegeneration, and contributing to cancer.

The strength of our anti-TLR and anti-PRR range lies in its breadth and its proof. It spans the full family from surface receptors to endosomal sensors, across human and mouse  so your target is covered. It comes in the format that fits your work, from polyclonal and monoclonal to VHH, and in grades from detection to in vivo. And some of our antibodies are backed by real validation data, for the specificity and reproducibility your results depend on.

Both are involved in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. The key point is that they are not two separate categories:  PRRs are the broad class of innate immune receptors that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, and TLRs are one family within that class and probably the best-known one. The name “Toll” comes from the Toll gene, originally discovered in Drosophila.

Major PRR families include:

• TLRs – Toll-Like Receptors
• NLRs – NOD-Like Receptors
• RLRs – RIG-I-Like Receptors
• CLRs – C-Type Lectin Receptors
• cGAS-STING pathway – an important cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway

TLRs can be located either at the cell surface or in intracellular endosomal compartments.

Cell-surface TLRs mainly recognize microbial components present outside the cell, whereas endosomal TLRs primarily detect nucleic acids.

Important cell-surface TLRs include:

• TLR1/TLR2 – bacterial lipoproteins
• TLR2/TLR6 – bacterial lipoproteins
• TLR4 – lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• TLR5 – flagellin

The main endosomal TLRs are:

• TLR3 (detects double-stranded RNA)
• TLR7 (detects single-stranded RNA)
• TLR8 (detects single-stranded RNA)
• TLR9 (detects unmethylated CpG-rich DNA)